6,966 rated or chosen profiles from 877 respondents, in up to 4 tasks of 2 profiles varying on 3 attributes.

One of 2 tables from the same source; this one is the education_outcomes table. The others are listed under Related tables.

About this table

Description	Discrete choice experiment in which 877 education policymakers in 35 low- and middle-income countries (CGD survey) chose between the outcomes of two education systems (or neither) over 4 rounds; attributes: % gaining foundational literacy, % completing secondary school, % dutiful citizens. Outcome: choice with a 'None of these options' opt-out.
Reference	Crawfurd, L., Hares, S., Minardi, A., & Sandefur, J. (2025). Understanding education policy preferences: Survey experiments with policymakers in 35 developing countries. World Development, 196, 107140.
DOI	10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107140
Licence	CC0 1.0
Source data	https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/E0TDA8

Notes

Conjoint table (irw_conjoint_2). choice: 'There are multiple possible goals of an education system ... Imagine you had to choose between the outcomes of two education systems, which do you prefer?' System 1 / System 2 / None of these options; OPT-OUT 'None' = choice 0 on both (163 of 3,483 tasks). 4 rounds; attributes Gain foundational literacy (%) 60/80/100, Complete secondary school (%) 30/50/70, Dutiful citizens (%) 70/80/90/100, stored as numbers. Tasks with unsaved attribute values (45 respondents) dropped; country and job title dropped for confidentiality.

These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.

Size and shape

Respondents	877
Rows (one per respondent, task and profile)	6,966
Tasks per respondent (most)	4
Profiles per task	2
Attributes	3
Tasks with no profile chosen	163

Design

Topic	other
A profile represents	scenario
Country	unknown
Language shown	en, fr
Language of stored levels	en
Randomization restrictions	unknown
Task order	recorded in the deposit
Profile position	recorded in the deposit

Outcomes:

choice	There are multiple possible goals of an education system - to provide everyone with basic skills such as literacy, to create dutiful citizens, or to identify the brightest children and prepare them for leadership roles. Imagine you had to choose between the outcomes of two education systems, which do you prefer? [choice, opt-out allowed]

Columns

attr_dutiful_citizensattr_foundational_literacyattr_secondary_completionchoicecov_agencycov_current_empcov_duration_seccov_experiencecov_gendercov_googlelistcov_lang_frenchcov_onlinecov_regioncov_subnationalidprofiletasktrial_preamble

The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.

Get the data

Download CSVno account needed Browse on Redivisexplore and query Croissant metadataHugging Face, Kaggle, OpenML

Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):

# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("crawfurd_2025_education_outcomes", source = "conj")

# Python
pip install irw

import irw
df = irw.fetch("crawfurd_2025_education_outcomes", source="conj")

How to cite

@article{Crawfurd_2025, title={Understanding education policy preferences: Survey experiments with policymakers in 35 developing countries}, volume={196}, ISSN={0305-750X}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107140}, DOI={10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107140}, journal={World Development}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Crawfurd, Lee and Hares, Susannah and Minardi, Ana and Sandefur, Justin}, year={2025}, month=Dec, pages={107140} }

Version and provenance

IRW version	v584
Redivis dataset	irw_conjoint_2 v1.4
Redivis dataset DOI	10.57761/hk97-wv30
Manifest pin for this IRW version	v1.4
Metadata source	irw_meta v44.0