About this table

Description	Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), 21 items, 0-3, embedded in a drought-adaptation household survey; N = 730 respondents in four Namibian regions; cov_region, cov_location, cov_age, cov_gender, cov_household_head, cov_marital_status, cov_employment.
Reference	Rathod, K., Haufiku, D., Lendelvo, S., Pinto, M., et al. (2026). Namibian drought adaptation for food security, well-being, and psychosocial outcomes. Harvard Dataverse, V1. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/IRIKMP
Licence	CC0 1.0
Source data	https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/IRIKMP

Size and shape

Responses	15,330
Respondents	730
Items	21
Response categories	4
Responses per respondent	21
Responses per item	730
Density	1
Longitudinal	FALSE

Classification

age range	Adult (18+)
sample	General/non-specific
measurement tool	Survey/questionnaire
item format	Likert Scale/selected response
primary language(s)	eng
construct name	Depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21)

Item text

This table has item text in the IRW: the wording administered to respondents, not just the response codes.

Instrument	Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21)
Mean words per item	8.571
Mean characters per item	42.762
Mean characters per response	45.250
Flesch-Kincaid grade level	5.374

Codebook

This codebook is reconstructed by the IRW from the IRW data standard and the script that built it, rathod_2026_drought_dass21.py. It is our best reading, not the source’s own codebook, and it may contain mistakes. Where the two disagree, the source data are the authority. If you find an error, please tell us.

Column	What it is	Source column
IRW standard columns
`id`	IRW standard Identifier for the focal unit being measured — typically a person, but sometimes another entity (e.g., a word in a lexical task).	made in the build script
`item`	IRW standard Item identifier.	made in the build script
`resp`	IRW standard Response value.	made in the build script
Respondent covariates
`cov_age`	Covariate	`age_respondent`
`cov_employment`	Covariate	`employment_respondent`
`cov_gender`	Covariate `1` = female · `2` = male	`gender_respondent`
`cov_household_head`	Covariate	`are_you_HHH`
`cov_location`	Covariate `1` = rural · `2` = urban	`HH_location`
`cov_marital_status`	Covariate `1` = Cohabitating · `2` = Divorced or seperated · `3` = Married · `4` = Single · `5` = Widowed	`marital_status_respondent`
`cov_region`	Covariate `1` = Kavango West · `2` = Kunene · `3` = Ohangwena · `4` = Oshana	`region`

Covariate value labels are the source’s own, as the IRW recorded them. What item codes and any unlabelled values stand for is in the source’s codebook, 14082197.

Get the data

Download CSVno account needed Browse on Redivisexplore and query Croissant metadataHugging Face, Kaggle, OpenML

Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):

# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("rathod_2026_dass21")

# Python
pip install irw

import irw
df = irw.fetch("rathod_2026_dass21")

How to cite

@misc{https://doi.org/10.7910/dvn/irikmp,
  doi = {10.7910/DVN/IRIKMP},
  url = {https://dataverse.harvard.edu/citation?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/IRIKMP},
  author = {Rathod, Komal and Haufiku, Desderius and Lendelvo, Selma and Pinto, Mecthilde and David, Michael Shipepe and {Likeleli Katjirua} and Kashindi, Elizabeth T.Y. and Johannes, Penehafo and Coughlan de Perez, Erin and Poole, Leah B. and Sharma, Akriti and Van Sant, Carolyn B.},
  keywords = {Agricultural Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Social Sciences, drought adaptation; Namibia},
  title = {Namibian drought adaptation for food security, well-being, and psychosocial outcomes},
  publisher = {Harvard Dataverse},
  year = {2026}
}

Version and provenance

IRW version	v607
Redivis dataset	item_response_warehouse_5 v10.0
Redivis dataset DOI	10.57761/45xf-md22
Manifest pin for this IRW version	v9.0
Metadata source	irw_meta v47.0