31,936 rated or chosen profiles from 1,996 respondents, in up to 8 tasks of 2 profiles varying on 5 attributes.
| Description | 1,996 US adults (online survey, June 2022) each chose between two hypothetical social welfare programs in 8 tasks; programs varied the program described (SSI, WIC, housing assistance), the tax source, the level of government levying the tax, the progressivity of the tax burden and the annual cost. Outcome: forced choice. |
|---|---|
| Reference | Qi, H., & Dorssom, E. I. (2026). Tax burden, tax types, and public support for social welfare programs. American Politics Research, 54(5), 638-651. |
| DOI | 10.1177/1532673X261451262 |
| Licence | CC0 1.0 |
| Source data | https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/9N6PBH |
These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.
| Respondents | 1,996 |
|---|---|
| Rows (one per respondent, task and profile) | 31,936 |
| Tasks per respondent (most) | 8 |
| Profiles per task | 2 |
| Attributes | 5 |
| Tasks with no profile chosen | 0 |
| Topic | tax welfare economy |
|---|---|
| A profile represents | policy |
| Country | US |
| Language shown | en |
| Language of stored levels | en |
| Randomization restrictions | yes (stated by the source): tax_source 'Properties' only with tax_level 'State and local' (authors' constraint(cat_a_tax1#cat_a_tax2); other combinations all occur) |
| Task order | recorded in the deposit |
| Profile position | recorded in the deposit |
Because the attribute levels were not randomized independently, an estimator has to account for the restriction; a plain difference in means across levels can mislead.
Outcomes:
| choice | Which of these two programs would you prefer? (paraphrase; value labels 'Chose this program' / 'Chose other program') [choice, forced] |
|---|
attr_costattr_descriptionattr_tax_distributionattr_tax_levelattr_tax_sourcechoicecov_agecov_attention_freqcov_attention_pass_1cov_attention_pass_2cov_attention_pass_3cov_attention_pass_4cov_duration_seccov_educationcov_employmentcov_family_incomecov_gendercov_ideologycov_party_idcov_party_id7cov_raceidprofiletask
The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.
Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):
# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("qi_2026_welfare_taxes", source = "conj")
# Python
pip install irw
import irw
df = irw.fetch("qi_2026_welfare_taxes", source="conj")
@article{Qi_2026, title={Tax Burden, Tax Types, and Public Support for Social Welfare Programs}, volume={54}, ISSN={1552-3373}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532673X261451262}, DOI={10.1177/1532673x261451262}, number={5}, journal={American Politics Research}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Qi, Hang and Dorssom, Elizabeth I.}, year={2026}, month=May, pages={638–651} }
| IRW version | v607 |
|---|---|
| Redivis dataset | irw_conjoint v4.2 |
| Redivis dataset DOI | 10.57761/qkye-q530 |
| Manifest pin for this IRW version | v4.2 |
| Metadata source | irw_meta v47.0 |