17,010 rated or chosen profiles from 3,402 respondents, in up to 5 tasks of 1 profile varying on 9 attributes.
| Description | Single-profile conjoint on sanctioning political violence: 3,402 US adults (Dynata, 2023) each judged 5 hypothetical protesters arrested after a violent demonstration, varying the act (12 acts against counter-protesters, police, government buildings or small businesses), age, children, gender, race, marital status, occupation, party and residence; outcomes are the appropriate punishment (13-point scale from a warning to more than 30 years in jail) and how likely the person was protesting for a good cause (1-5). |
|---|---|
| Reference | Phillips, J. B., Munis, B. K., Huffman, N., Memovic, A., & Ford, J. (2025). When push comes to shove: How Americans excuse and condemn political violence. Political Behavior, 47, 1711-1733. |
| DOI | 10.1007/s11109-025-10009-7 |
| Licence | CC0 1.0 |
| Source data | https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/1FVL19 |
These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.
| Respondents | 3,402 |
|---|---|
| Rows (one per respondent, task and profile) | 17,010 |
| Tasks per respondent (most) | 5 |
| Profiles per task | 1 |
| Attributes | 9 |
| Topic | crime justice policing |
|---|---|
| A profile represents | person |
| Country | US |
| Language shown | en |
| Language of stored levels | en |
| Task order | inferred from row order |
| Profile position | recorded in the deposit |
Task order or profile position was rebuilt from row order; analyses of position or task order should leave it out.
Outcomes:
| rating | Assume that this individual definitely did what they are accused of above. What punishment, if any, do you think they should receive? [rating, 1 (A warning) to 13 (More than 30 years in jail)] |
|---|---|
| rating_good_cause | How likely do you think it is that this individual was protesting for a good cause? [rating, 1 (Extremely unlikely) to 5 (Extremely likely)] |
attr_actattr_ageattr_childrenattr_genderattr_maritalattr_occupationattr_partyattr_raceattr_residencecov_age_groupcov_educationcov_employmentcov_ft_antifacov_ft_blmcov_ft_proud_boyscov_ft_white_nationalistscov_gendercov_hispaniccov_ideologycov_incomecov_interestcov_nativecov_party_idcov_party_leancov_party7_codecov_place_childhoodcov_place_identitycov_place_importancecov_racecov_same_communitycov_statecov_urban_ruralidprofileratingrating_good_causetask
The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.
Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):
# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("phillips_2025_political_violence", source = "conj")
# Python
pip install irw
import irw
df = irw.fetch("phillips_2025_political_violence", source="conj")
@article{Phillips_2025, title={When Push Comes to Shove: How Americans Excuse and Condemn Political Violence}, volume={47}, ISSN={1573-6687}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-025-10009-7}, DOI={10.1007/s11109-025-10009-7}, number={4}, journal={Political Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Phillips, Joseph B. and Munis, B. Kal and Huffman, Nicole and Memovic, Arif and Ford, Jacob}, year={2025}, month=Mar, pages={1711–1733} }
| IRW version | v584 |
|---|---|
| Redivis dataset | irw_conjoint v4.2 |
| Redivis dataset DOI | 10.57761/qkye-q530 |
| Manifest pin for this IRW version | v4.2 |
| Metadata source | irw_meta v44.0 |