310,915 rated or chosen profiles from 36,261 respondents, in up to 10 tasks of 2 profiles varying on 7 attributes.

About this table

Description	Respondents in 32 countries recruited via Facebook/Instagram ads (Dec 2022-May 2023; 35,292 with a choice, 36,261 with any answer) chose which of two hypothetical countries they would prefer to live in (5 pairs; 10 in Turkey), varying elections, executive constraints, free speech, economy, crime, gender pay equality and ethnic diversity; they also rated each country's democracy and quality of life (0-1).
Reference	Neundorf, A., Dahlum, S., Frederiksen, K. V. S., & Ozturk, A. (2026). Elections without constraints? The appeal of electoral autocracy across the world. British Journal of Political Science, 56, e1.
DOI	10.1017/S0007123425101129
Licence	CC0 1.0
Source data	https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MFAWCE

Notes

Conjoint table (irw_conjoint). Forced choice of the country the respondent would prefer to live in (no opt-out); rating_democracy ('How would you rate the level of democracy in each country?', 0 very low - 10 very high, stored as the authors' 0-1 rescale) and rating_quality_of_life (0-1 rescale). Attribute levels are the authors' short binary labels, not the displayed sentences. 41 tasks with a missing attribute dropped; partial completers kept; 35,292 respondents with a choice vs 35,281 reported.

These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.

Size and shape

Respondents	36,261
Rows (one per respondent, task and profile)	310,915
Tasks per respondent (most)	10
Profiles per task	2
Attributes	7
Tasks with no profile chosen	0

Design

Topic	democracy institutions
A profile represents	place
Country	AR, AU, BD, BO, CL, CO, DO, EC, SV, GH, GT, HN, HK, IN, KE, MY, MX, NI, NG, PK, PY, PE, PH, SG, ZA, TZ, TR, UG, GB, US, VE, ZM
Language shown	unknown
Language of stored levels	en
Task order	recorded in the deposit
Profile position	recorded in the deposit

Outcomes:

choice	What kind of society would you prefer to live in? [choice, forced]
rating_democracy	How would you rate the level of democracy in each country? [rating, 0 (very low) to 1 (very high)]
rating_quality_of_life	Quality of life in each country (paraphrase) [rating, 0 (unknown) to 1 (unknown)]

Columns

attr_checksattr_crimeattr_diversityattr_economyattr_electionsattr_free_speechattr_gender_equalitychoicecov_agecov_birth_yearcov_duration_seccov_educationcov_gender_codecov_languagecov_nationalityidprofilerating_democracyrating_quality_of_lifetask

The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.

Get the data

Download CSVno account needed Browse on Redivisexplore and query Croissant metadataHugging Face, Kaggle, OpenML

Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):

# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("neundorf_2026_electoral_autocracy", source = "conj")

# Python
pip install irw

import irw
df = irw.fetch("neundorf_2026_electoral_autocracy", source="conj")

How to cite

@article{Neundorf_2025, title={Elections Without Constraints? The Appeal of Electoral Autocracy Across the World}, volume={56}, ISSN={1469-2112}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123425101129}, DOI={10.1017/s0007123425101129}, journal={British Journal of Political Science}, publisher={Cambridge University Press (CUP)}, author={Neundorf, Anja and Dahlum, Sirianne and Skaaning Frederiksen, Kristian Vrede and Öztürk, Aykut}, year={2025}, month=Dec }

Version and provenance

IRW version	v584
Redivis dataset	irw_conjoint v4.2
Redivis dataset DOI	10.57761/qkye-q530
Manifest pin for this IRW version	v4.2
Metadata source	irw_meta v44.0