12,428 rated or chosen profiles from 2,072 respondents, in up to 3 tasks of 2 profiles varying on 5 attributes.
| Description | Kenyan adults in face-to-face interviews (n=2,072; Nairobi, Mt. Kenya, Nyanza, Garissa) compared 3 pairs of hypothetical digital ID policies varying use for social protection, data sharing for public services, police access to biometric photos, tax-ID linkage and voter registration; choice, support and willingness to register for each policy, plus five round-1 mechanism ratings. |
|---|---|
| Reference | Garbe, L., McMurry, N., Scacco, A., & Zhang, K. W. (2025). Who wants to be legible? Digitalization and intergroup inequality in Kenya. Comparative Political Studies, 58(9), 1803-1853. |
| DOI | 10.1177/00104140241276971 |
| Licence | CC0 1.0 |
| Source data | https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EGVC5Q |
These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.
| Respondents | 2,072 |
|---|---|
| Rows (one per respondent, task and profile) | 12,428 |
| Tasks per respondent (most) | 3 |
| Profiles per task | 2 |
| Attributes | 5 |
| Tasks with no profile chosen | 0 |
| Topic | technology ai privacy, public administration |
|---|---|
| A profile represents | policy |
| Country | KE |
| Language shown | unknown |
| Language of stored levels | en |
| Randomization restrictions | yes (stated by the source): draws where the two policies of a pair were identical on all 5 attributes were discarded and redrawn |
| Task order | recorded in the deposit |
| Profile position | recorded in the deposit |
Because the attribute levels were not randomized independently, an estimator has to account for the restriction; a plain difference in means across levels can mislead.
Outcomes:
| choice | Which of the following two policy proposals for a new Digital ID would you prefer? [choice, forced] |
|---|---|
| rating_easier_access | Under this policy, the program would make it easier for people like me to access government services [rating, 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree)] |
| rating_privacy_protected | Under this policy, the privacy of my data would be adequately protected [rating, 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree)] |
| rating_register | Under this policy, how likely would you be to register for the digital ID program? [rating, 1 (Not at all likely) to 4 (Very likely)] |
| rating_support | Under this policy, how supportive would you be of the digital ID program? [rating, 1 (Not at all supportive) to 4 (Very supportive)] |
| rating_worry_police_info | If this policy were enacted, I would be worried about the police using my personal information [rating, 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree)] |
| rating_worry_punished | If this policy were enacted, I would be worried about being punished for expressing my political views [rating, 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree)] |
| rating_worry_vote_counted | If this policy were enacted, I would be worried about my vote being counted [rating, 1 (Strongly disagree) to 4 (Strongly agree)] |
attr_public_servicesattr_securityattr_social_protectionattr_tax_registrationattr_votingattrpos_public_servicesattrpos_securityattrpos_social_protectionattrpos_tax_registrationattrpos_votingchoicecov_agecov_countycov_educationcov_gendercov_mother_tongueidprofilerating_easier_accessrating_privacy_protectedrating_registerrating_supportrating_worry_police_inforating_worry_punishedrating_worry_vote_countedtask
The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.
Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):
# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("garbe_2025_digital_id", source = "conj")
# Python
pip install irw
import irw
df = irw.fetch("garbe_2025_digital_id", source="conj")
@article{Garbe_2024, title={Who Wants to be Legible? Digitalization and Intergroup Inequality in Kenya}, volume={58}, ISSN={1552-3829}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00104140241276971}, DOI={10.1177/00104140241276971}, number={9}, journal={Comparative Political Studies}, publisher={SAGE Publications}, author={Garbe, Lisa and McMurry, Nina and Scacco, Alexandra and Zhang, Kelly}, year={2024}, month=Sept, pages={1803–1853} }
| IRW version | v584 |
|---|---|
| Redivis dataset | irw_conjoint v4.2 |
| Redivis dataset DOI | 10.57761/qkye-q530 |
| Manifest pin for this IRW version | v4.2 |
| Metadata source | irw_meta v44.0 |