3,172 rated or chosen profiles from 3,172 respondents, in up to 1 tasks of 1 profile varying on 2 attributes.

About this table

Description	Adults in Canada, Japan and the USA (n = 3,172) read one vignette about an immigrant driver who did or did not speak the national language and did or did not have domestic driving training, and chose between that driver and an automated driving system as a labor-shortage solution.
Reference	Dufresne, Y., Matsubayashi, T., & Turgeon, M. (2026). Automated driving systems versus immigrant drivers as a solution to labor shortage. SSRN.
DOI	10.2139/ssrn.7120753
Licence	CC0 1.0
Source data	https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LCL4CO

Notes

Conjoint table (irw_conjoint_2). Single 2x2 vignette per respondent (speaks the language x driving training from the receiving country) about an immigrant driver; choice = 1 if the respondent prefers the immigrant driver, 0 if the automated driving system (a fixed alternative with no attributes, so opt_out = yes). Level text is the authors' condition labels, not the questionnaire wording; countries pooled (CA, JP, US); 4 rows without an outcome omitted; N against the paper not checked.

These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.

Size and shape

Respondents	3,172
Rows (one per respondent, task and profile)	3,172
Tasks per respondent (most)	1
Profiles per task	1
Attributes	2
Tasks with no profile chosen	1,998

Design

Topic	immigration asylum, technology ai privacy
A profile represents	person
Country	CA, JP, US
Language shown	unknown
Language of stored levels	en
Task order	inferred from row order
Profile position	inferred from row order

Task order or profile position was rebuilt from row order; analyses of position or task order should leave it out.

Outcomes:

choice	Preference between the immigrant driver and an automated driving system (1 = immigrant driver, 0 = automated driving system) (paraphrase) [choice, opt-out allowed]

Columns

attr_languageattr_trainingchoicecov_agecov_countrycov_gendercov_income_codeidprofiletask

The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.

Get the data

Download CSVno account needed Browse on Redivisexplore and query Croissant metadataHugging Face, Kaggle, OpenML

Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):

# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("dufresne_2026_immigrant_drivers", source = "conj")

# Python
pip install irw

import irw
df = irw.fetch("dufresne_2026_immigrant_drivers", source="conj")

How to cite

@article{Dufresne_2026, title={Automated driving systems versus immigrant drivers as a solution to labor shortage}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7120753}, DOI={10.2139/ssrn.7120753}, publisher={Elsevier BV}, author={Dufresne, Yannick and Matsubayashi, Tetsuya and Turgeon, Mathieu}, year={2026} }

Version and provenance

IRW version	v584
Redivis dataset	irw_conjoint_2 v1.4
Redivis dataset DOI	10.57761/hk97-wv30
Manifest pin for this IRW version	v1.4
Metadata source	irw_meta v44.0