13,398 rated or chosen profiles from 957 respondents, in up to 7 tasks of 2 profiles varying on 7 attributes.

About this table

Description	US respondents (957; Black and White samples) compared 7 pairs of descriptions of an act of violence varying perpetrator, target, tactic, location, casualties, motivation and label; chose which made them angrier and which perpetrator to punish more, and rated support for life in prison (1-5) for each.
Reference	Crabtree, K. (2026). Racial identity and evaluations of civilian-perpetrated violence in the United States. Political Behavior.
DOI	10.1007/s11109-026-10173-4
Licence	CC0 1.0
Source data	https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MBANSJ

Notes

Conjoint table (irw_conjoint). choice_anger = which description made the respondent angrier, choice_punish = which perpetrator should be punished more (both forced, no opt-out); rating_punish = support for life in prison for each description, 1-5 raw, higher = more punitive (wording paraphrased, anchors unknown). Attribute levels are the author's stored labels; no restrictions documented. Black and White respondents only; the author's entropy-balancing weights (white subsample) are not kept.

These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.

Design

Topic	crime justice policing
A profile represents	scenario
Country	US
Language shown	en
Language of stored levels	en
Randomization restrictions	unknown
Task order	recorded in the deposit
Profile position	recorded in the deposit

Outcomes:

choice_anger	Which of the two descriptions of violence makes you more angry? (paraphrase) [choice, forced]
choice_punish	Which of the two perpetrators should be punished more? (paraphrase) [choice, forced]
rating_punish	Support for life in prison for the perpetrator of this violence description (paraphrase) [rating, 1 (unknown) to 5 (unknown)]

Columns

attr_casualtiesattr_labelattr_locationattr_motivationattr_perpetratorattr_tacticattr_targetchoice_angerchoice_punishcov_black_linked_fatecov_black_racial_attachcov_change_violencecov_educationcov_gendercov_ideologycov_justify_violencecov_media_attentioncov_partycov_racecov_white_linked_fatecov_white_racial_attachidprofilerating_punishtask

The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.

Get the data

Download CSVno account needed Browse on Redivisexplore and query Croissant metadataHugging Face, Kaggle, OpenML

Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):

# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("crabtree_2026_civilian_violence", source = "conj")

# Python
pip install irw

import irw
df = irw.fetch("crabtree_2026_civilian_violence", source="conj")

How to cite

@article{Crabtree_2026, title={Racial Identity and Evaluations of Civilian-Perpetrated Violence in the United States}, ISSN={1573-6687}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11109-026-10173-4}, DOI={10.1007/s11109-026-10173-4}, journal={Political Behavior}, publisher={Springer Science and Business Media LLC}, author={Crabtree, Kiela}, year={2026}, month=June }

Respondents	957
Rows (one per respondent, task and profile)	13,398
Tasks per respondent (most)	7
Profiles per task	2
Attributes	7

IRW version	v584
Redivis dataset	irw_conjoint v4.2
Redivis dataset DOI	10.57761/qkye-q530
Manifest pin for this IRW version	v4.2
Metadata source	irw_meta v44.0

crabtree_2026_civilian_violence