42,890 rated or chosen profiles from 7,234 respondents, in up to 3 tasks of 2 profiles varying on 5 attributes.

One of 2 tables from the same source; this one is the low table. The others are listed under Related tables.

About this table

Description	Paired conjoint (low-information version) in which 7,234 respondents in Germany chose between two hypothetical members of parliament in up to 3 pairs; attributes are sex, age, party, issue position and language sophistication. Outcome: preferred MP (choice).
Reference	Bischof, D., & Senninger, R. (2026). Can simple language affect voters' political knowledge and their beliefs about politicians? The Journal of Politics, 88(4), 1419-1436.
DOI	10.1086/736693
Licence	CC0 1.0
Source data	https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/XT6RRU

Notes

Conjoint table (irw_conjoint_2). choice = which of the two MPs the respondent preferred (paraphrase), forced choice, no opt-out, up to 3 pairs. Task and profile are inferred from row blocks (exactly one chosen per rebuilt pair), so position effects are not identified. Attribute text is the authors' English labels for a German survey; position (for/against/neutral) and sophistication (simple/sophisticated) describe a statement not included. The authors' design object lists two prohibited party-position cells that nonetheless occur; N against the article not checked.

These notes describe the source data, which the IRW reproduces as released. All notes are listed on the Data Notes page.

Size and shape

Respondents	7,234
Rows (one per respondent, task and profile)	42,890
Tasks per respondent (most)	3
Profiles per task	2
Attributes	5
Tasks with no profile chosen	0

Design

Topic	candidate choice
A profile represents	person
Country	DE
Language shown	de
Language of stored levels	en
Randomization restrictions	unknown
Task order	inferred from row order
Profile position	inferred from row order

Task order or profile position was rebuilt from row order; analyses of position or task order should leave it out.

Outcomes:

choice	Which of the two members of parliament do you prefer? (paraphrase; codebook: 'whether the respondent chose the candidate') [choice, forced]

Columns

attr_ageattr_partyattr_positionattr_sexattr_sophisticationchoiceidprofiletask

The layout (one row per respondent, task and profile; choice/rating outcomes; attr_ columns holding each attribute level as displayed) is defined in the IRW conjoint standard. What the outcomes asked is under Design above.

Get the data

Download CSVno account needed Browse on Redivisexplore and query Croissant metadataHugging Face, Kaggle, OpenML

Or load it directly in R or Python (both need a free Redivis account; the first call opens a browser to sign in):

# R
install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("itemresponsewarehouse/Rpkg")
library(irw)
df <- irw_fetch("bischof_2026_simple_language_low", source = "conj")

# Python
pip install irw

import irw
df = irw.fetch("bischof_2026_simple_language_low", source="conj")

How to cite

@article{Bischof_2026, title={Can Simple Language Affect Voters’ Political Knowledge and Their Beliefs About Politicians?}, volume={88}, ISSN={1468-2508}, url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/736693}, DOI={10.1086/736693}, number={4}, journal={The Journal of Politics}, publisher={University of Chicago Press}, author={Bischof, Daniel and Senninger, Roman}, year={2026}, month=Oct, pages={1419–1436} }

Version and provenance

IRW version	v584
Redivis dataset	irw_conjoint_2 v1.4
Redivis dataset DOI	10.57761/hk97-wv30
Manifest pin for this IRW version	v1.4
Metadata source	irw_meta v44.0